Reduced Risk Review - Committees

Evaluating the Scientific Evidence
for Potential Reduced-Risk Tobacco Products

Core Committee of the Reduced Risk Review
Literature Distributed to the Committee (Updated as of 11-15-05)

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State-specific prevalence among adults of current cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use and per capita tax-paid sales of cigarettes--United States, 1997. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep 47.43 (1998): 922-26.

Andersson, G., T. Axéll, and Å. Larsson. "Histologic changes associated with the use of loose and portion-bag packed Swedish moist snuff: a comparative study." J Oral Pathol.Med. 18.9 (1989): 491-97.

Baker, R. R., et al. "Terms used for exposure to smoke." Beitr.Tabakforsch.Int. 21.4 (2004): 250.

Benowitz, N. L. "Nicotine and smokeless tobacco." CA Cancer J Clin 38.4 (1988): 244-47.

Benowitz, N. L., P. Jacob, III, and L. Yu. "Daily use of smokeless tobacco: systemic effects." Ann.Intern.Med. 111.2 (1989): 112-16.

Benowitz, N. L., et al. "Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum." Clin Pharmacol Ther 44.1 (1988): 23-28.

Bolinder, G., et al. "Smokeless tobacco use and increased cardiovascular mortality among Swedish construction workers." Am.J Public Health 84.3 (1994): 399-404.

Borgerding, M. F. Approaches to Characterizing Smoke from New Cigarettes - A Product Evaluation Strategy. [Presented at the 49th Tobacco Science Research Conference, September 26, 1995]. 1995.
Ref Type: Report

Brown & Williamson Tobacco. Slide presentation submitted to IOM Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. 2000.
Ref Type: Report

Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation. "Assessment strategies for reduced risk cigarettes. [Comments by Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, presented to National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, March 1, 2000].". 2000. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xti21c00.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Smokeless tobacco fact sheet." May 9, 2005. 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/factsheets/smokelesstobacco.htm.

Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council. "Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council." Environ.Health Perspect. 74 (1987): 3-9.

Curvall, M., et al. "Mutagen levels in urine from snuff users, cigarette smokers and non tobacco users--a comparison." Mutat.Res. 188.2 (1987): 105-10.

Dacey, L. J. and D. W. Johnstone. "Reducing the risk of lung cancer." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 294.12 (2005): 1550-51.

Doll, R., et al. "Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. [BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE (published June 22, 2004)]." June 22, 2004. 2004. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/bmj.38142.554479.AEv1.

ECLIPSE Expert Panel. "A safer cigarette? A comparative study. A consensus report." Inhal.Toxicol. 12.Suppl 5 (2000): 1-48.

European Respiratory Society. "Tobacco Smoking: Harm Reduction Strategies. [ERS Research Seminars 2005, Ferney-Volaire, France, October 3 & 4, 2005]". Brussels: European Respiratory Society, 2005.

Fant, R. V., et al. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans." Tob Control 8.4 (1999): 387-92.

Fox, B. J. and J. E. Cohen. "Tobacco harm reduction: a call to address the ethical dilemmas." Nicotine.Tob.Res. 4 Suppl 2 (2002): S81-S87.

Frithiof, L., et al. "The snuff-induced lesion. A clinical and morphological study of a Swedish material." Acta Odontol.Scand. 41.1 (1983): 53-64.

Giovino, G. A. "Tobacco harm reduction involves more than cigarette harm reduction." Am J Public Health 94.8 (2004): 1294-95.

Godtfredsen, N. S., E. Prescott, and M. Osler. "Effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 294.12 (2005): 1505-10.

Gray, N. "The ethics of policies for the prevention of tobacco disease." Acta Oncol. 43.1 (2004): 8-10.

Hansson, L. E., et al. "Tobacco, alcohol and the risk of gastric cancer. A population-based case-control study in Sweden." Int.J.Cancer 57.1 (1994): 26-31.

Hatsukami, D. K., et al. "Methods to assess potential reduced exposure products." Nicotine Tob Res 7.6 (2005): 827-44.

Hatsukami, D. K., J. E. Henningfield, and M. Kotlyar. "Harm reduction approaches to reducing tobacco-related mortality." Annu.Rev.Public Health 25 (2004): 377-95.

Hatsukami, D. K., et al. "Safety and immunogenicity of a nicotine conjugate vaccine in current smokers." Clin Pharmacol Ther 78.5 (2005): 456-67.

Hatsukami, D. K., et al. "Reducing tobacco harm: research challenges and issues." Nicotine.Tob.Res. 4 Suppl 2 (2002): S89-101.

Hebert, R. "What's New in Nicotine & Tobacco Research?" Nicotine Tob.Res. 6 Suppl 1 (2004): S1-S5.

Henningfield, J. E., D. M. Burns, and E. Dybing. "Guidance for research and testing to reduce tobacco toxicant exposure." Nicotine Tob Res 7.6 (2005): 821-26.

Hirsch, J. M., G. Heyden, and H. Thilander. "A clinical, histomorphological and histochemical study on snuff-induced lesions of varying severity." J Oral Pathol. 11.5 (1982): 387-98.

Holm, H., et al. "Nicotine intake and dependence in Swedish snuff takers." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 108.4 (1992): 507-11.

Institute of Medicine. Clearing the Smoke. Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Ed. K. Stratton et al. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

Jansson, T., et al. "Genotoxicity testing of extracts of a Swedish moist oral snuff." Mutat.Res 261.2 (1991): 101-15.

Kozlowski, L. T. "Harm reduction, public health, and human rights: smokers have a right to be informed of significant harm reduction options." Nicotine.Tob.Res. 4 Suppl 2 (2002): S55-S60.

Kozlowski, L. T., R. J. O'Connor, and B. Q. Edwards. "Some practical points on harm reduction: what to tell your lawmaker and what to tell your brother about Swedish snus." Tob.Control 12.4 (2003): 372-73.

Kozlowski, L. T., et al. "Most smokeless tobacco use is not a causal gateway to cigarettes: using order of product use to evaluate causation in a national US sample." Addiction 98.8 (2003): 1077-85.

Kozlowski, L. T., et al. "Applying the risk/use equilibrium: use medicinal nicotine now for harm reduction." Tob.Control 10.3 (2001): 201-03.

Larsson, Å., T. Axéll, and G. Andersson. "Reversibility of snuff dippers' lesion in Swedish moist snuff users: a clinical and histologic follow-up study." J Oral Pathol.Med. 20.6 (1991): 258-64.

Lee, P. and E. Sanders. "Does increased cigarette consumption nullify any reduction in lung cancer risk associated with low-tar filter cigarettes?" Inhal.Toxicol. 16.13 (2004): 817-33.

Lee, P. N. "Lung cancer risk and type of cigarette smoked." Inhal.Toxicol. 13.11 (2001): 951-76.

Lee, P. N. and B. A. Forey. "Why are lung cancer rate trends so different in the United States and United kingdom?" Inhal.Toxicol. 15.9 (2003): 909-49.

Lewin, F., et al. "Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden." Cancer 82.7 (1998): 1367-75.

Life Sciences Research Office. Review of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Phase One: The Feasibility of Testing Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Ed. D. M. Byrd. Bethesda, MD: Life Sciences Research Office, 2004, 1-365.

---. Review of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Phase Two: Scientific Criteria for the Evaluation of Ingredients Added to Cigarettes. Ed. D. M. Byrd et al. Bethesda, MD: Life Sciences Research Office, 2004, 1-273.

Martin, E. G., K. E. Warner, and P. M. Lantz. "Tobacco harm reduction: what do the experts think?" Tob.Control 13.2 (2004): 123-28.

Modéer, T., S. Lavstedt, and C. Åhlund. "Relation between tobacco consumption and oral health in Swedish schoolchildren." Acta Odontol.Scand. 38.4 (1980): 223-27.

Mumford, E. A., et al. "Tobacco control policies and the concurrent use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes among men, 1992-2002." Nicotine Tob Res 7.6 (2005): 891-900.

National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Those Who Continue to Smoke. Is Achieving Abstinence Harder and Do We Need to Change Our Interventions? Smoking and Control Monograph No. 15. Ed. R. H. Amacher, D. M. Burns, and S. E. Marcus. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2003.

---. Risks Associated With Smoking Cigarettes With Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Smoking and Control Monograph No. 13. Ed. D. M. Burns, N. L. Benowitz, and R. H. Amacher. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2001.

Nilsson, R. "A qualitative and quantitative risk assessment of snuff dipping." Regul.Toxicol Pharmacol 28.1 (1998): 1-16.

Patskan, G. and W. Reininghaus. "Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: Overview of technical concepts and summary of findings." J.Appl.Toxicol. 23.5 (2003): 323-28.

Rees, W. A., Zedler, B. K., Roethig, H. J., Kinser, R. D., Liang, Q., and Nelson, B. L. A 12-month clinical evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette smoking system: Biomarkers of exposure. [Poster presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, Rockville, MD, September 11-13, 2005]. 2005.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work

Rodgman, A. and C. R. Green. "Toxic Chemicals in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke - Hazard and Hoopla." Cigarette Risk and the Potential for Risk Reduction. Invited Speaker Sympsoium Proceedings. CORESTA New Orleans, LA. September 22-27, 2002. CORESTA, 2002. 2-52.

Rodu, B. and P. Cole. "Smokeless tobacco use and cancer of the upper respiratory tract." Oral Surg.Oral Med.Oral Pathol.Oral Radiol.Endod. 93.5 (2002): 511-15.

Rodu, B., et al. "Impact of smokeless tobacco use on smoking in northern Sweden." J Intern.Med. 252.5 (2002): 398-404.

Roemer, E., et al. "Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions." Toxicology 195.1 (2004): 31-52.

Roethig, H. J., et al. "Short-term exposure evaluation of adult smokers switching from conventional to first-generation electrically heated cigarettes during controlled smoking." J.Clin.Pharmacol. 45.2 (2005): 133-45.

Schildt, E. B., et al. "Oral infections and dental factors in relation to oral cancer: a Swedish case--control study." Eur.J Cancer Prev. 7.3 (1998): 201-06.

---. "Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study." Int J Cancer 77.3 (1998): 341-46.

Shiffman, S., et al. "Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research." Nicotine.Tob.Res. 4 Suppl 2 (2002): S113-S129.

Stabbert, R., et al. "Analysis of aromatic amines in cigarette smoke." Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 17.18 (2003): 2125-32.

Stabbert, R., et al. "Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke." J.Appl.Toxicol. 23.5 (2003): 329-39.

Tengs, T. O., et al. "Federal policy mandating safer cigarettes: a hypothetical simulation of the anticipated population health gains or losses." J.Policy Anal.Manage. 23.4 (2004): 857-72.

Terpstra, P. M., et al. "Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicology." J.Appl.Toxicol. 23.5 (2003): 349-62.

Tewes, F. J., et al. "Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3: Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke." J.Appl.Toxicol. 23.5 (2003): 341-48.

Unverdorben, M., Biji, A. V. D., Potgieter, L., Liang, Q., and Roethig, H. Spiroergometry in adults smokers comparing a conventional cigarette to a second generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system. [Poster presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, Rockville, MD, September 11-13, 2005]. 2005.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work

Unverdorben, M., Biji, A. V. D., Potgieter, L., Liang, Q., Sica, D., and Roethig, H. Blood pressure monitoring in adult smokers comparing a conventional cigarette to a second generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system. [Poster presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, Rockville, MD, September 11-13, 2005]. 2005.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work

US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Sevices. Public Health Service. Office on Smoking and Health, 2004.

Warner, K. E. "Will the next generation of "safer" cigarettes be safer?" J Pediatr.Hematol.Oncol. 27.10 (2005): 543-50.

---. "Tobacco harm reduction: promise and perils." Nicotine.Tob.Res. 4 Suppl 2 (2002): S53-S63.

Winn, D. M., et al. "Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States." N.Engl.J Med. 304.13 (1981): 745-49.

World Health Organization. "WHO Scientific Advisory Committee on Tobacco Product Regulation (SACTob). Statement of principles. Guiding the evaluation of new or modified tobacco products." May 14, 2003. 2003. http://www5.who.int/tobacco/repository/stp82/modified-en.pdf.

World Health Organization and Science Advisory Committee on Tobacco Regulation (SACTob). "Statement of principles guiding the evaluation of new or modified tobacco products." Sept. 21, 2004. 2003. http://www.who.int/tobacco/sactob/recommendations/en/modified_en.pdf.

Ye, W., et al. "Tobacco, alcohol and the risk of gastric cancer by sub-site and histologic type." Int J Cancer 83.2 (1999): 223-29.

Zedler, B. K., Roethig, H.-J., Rees, W. A., Liang, Q., Kinser, R. D., and Nelson, B. L. A 12-month clinical evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette smoking system: Biomarkers of potential harm. [Poster presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, Rockville, MD, September 11-13, 2005]. 2005.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work